Class-10th History chapter -1 (The rise of nationalism in Europe) notes Part -2

Class-10th

History

The rise of Nationalism in Europe 

Part-2(Notes)

Part 1 link 

https://shinningstars4.blogspot.com/2022/06/history-class-10th-rise-of-nationalism.html

Hunger,Hardship and Popular Revolt

The 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe.The first half of the 19th centuary saw an enormous increase in population all over the Europe.Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.

The condition of the workers in town was extreme.In 1845,weavers of silesia village led a revolt against contractors,It was because the contractors supplied raw material to weavers and gave them orders dor finished textiles but reduced their payments.

On 4th June,a large crowd of weavers revolted and demand from contractor for higher wages.However,these weaver were treated badly and threatened by the contractor with the help of army.

In 1848,population of Paris revolted due to food shortage and widespread unemployment.Barricades were erceted and Louis Philippe was forced to flee

.

As a result,a National Assembly proclaimed a republic and granted suffrage to adult  males above 21 and guranteed them the right to work.National Workshop were set up to provide employment.

1848:The Revolution of the Liberals

In other parts of Europe like Germany,Italy,Poland and Austro-Hungarian Empire,men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for creation of nation-state.

This demand was based on parlimentary principles like Constitution,Freedom of press and Freedom of association.

May Revolution

On 18th May,1848,831 elected representatives assembled in the Church of St Paul.They drafted a Constitution for  German Nation.According to this Consitution,The nation was to be headed by a Monarchy which was under parliamentary Control.

When the deputies offered highest position to Friedrich Wilhelm IV,(King of Prussia) on these terms,he rejected it and joined other monarches to oppose the elected assembly.

The parliament was dominated by the middle classes, who resisted the demands of workers and artisans due to which consequently lost the support of its member.In the end,troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband.

Issue of political rights to Women

The issue of extending pilitical rights to women was a dispute within the liberal movement,in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years.

Women had formed their own political associations,founded newspapers and had taken part in political meetings and demostration.

In 1848,conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements,but could not restore the old order.

After 1848,the monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe introduced changes that had already introduced in Western Europe before 1815.

The changes were serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the hasburg dominions and in Russia.

The making of Germany and Italy

Unification of Germany 

After 1848,nationalist sentiments were promoted by conservative often for capturing state power and political domination over Europe.

In Germany,nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class.

In 1848,the middle class tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected Parliament.Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for this national unification.

Prussia's chief minister Otto Von Bismarck, aimed to achieve the goal of unification with the help of  Prussian Army and bureaucracy.

The major events that occured at the time of unification of Germany were

1)Three wars with Austria,Denmark and France running over 7 years ended with Prussian victory and completed the process of Unification.

2)On 18th January 1871,an assembly comprising the princes of German states,represntatives of the army,important Prussian ministers including the Chief Minister Otto Von Bismarck,declared the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia.

3)The new state Germany had a string emphasis on Modernising the Currency,banking,legal and judicial systems in Germany.

Unification of Italy

During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states,out of which only one state,sardinia-piedmont was ruled by an Italian Princely House.The North was ruled by Austrian Habsburg,the centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were ruled by the Bourbon king of Spain.

Contribution of Famous Personlities

The contribution of famous personalities in unification of italy were-

Giuseppe Mazzini 
During the 1830s Gieseppe Mazzini was a revoltionary,who actively supported the unification of the Italian states.He formed the secret society,Young Italy to promote Italian unification:'One,free,Independent,Republican nation'.Metternich described him as'the most dangerous enemy of our social order'.

Count Camillo Cavour

CM Cavour led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democratic.He entered into an alliance with France and succeeded in defeating Austrian forces in 1859.

Giuseppe Garibaldi 

He was prominent personality in the Unification of Italy. In 1833,he met Mazzini and joined theYoung Italy movement. He participated in a republican uprising in Piedmont in 1834.In 1854 he supported Victor Emmanuel II for his effort to unify the Italian states.

In 1860,he led the famous expedition to South Italy and the Kingdom of two Sicilies with his'Red shirt' army.In 1870,France withdrew its troops and Papal states were finally joineed to Italy.

Major event led to the Unification of Italy

In 1860, the Army (regular troops and armed volunteers) under Garibaldi marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of Two Sicilies.

They succeeded in winning the support of the local peasents in order to frive out the Spanish rulers.

In 1861,Victor Emmanuel II was declared king of United Italy. The states of Tuscany,Modena,Parma and the Papal were joined with Sardinia.

By March 1860,the entire Central Italian states were United with Peidmont.

Rome become a part of Sardinia and in this way, the final unification of Italy,was also achieved in 1871.

The Growth of Great Britain 

There was no British nation before the 18th century.The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were Ethnic ones like English,Welsh,Scot or Irish.

The gowth of Great Britain as Nation state can be understood sequentially with the points given below-

• As the English nation steadily grew in wealth,importance and power,it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of Islands.
• In 1688 the English Parliament seized power from the Monarchy.

Incorporation of scotland in United Kingdom 

The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.By this Act,Scotland was incorporated in England.

Hence, the British Parliament was dominated by its English members.

Incorporation of Ireland

Ireland was a country divided into Cathoslics and Protestants.

The English supported the Protestants of Ireland to establish their Dominance over a majority Catholic country.As a result revolt raised by Catholics but it was Suppressed.

In 1798,after a Revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen Against British,Ireland was forcibly included the United Kingdom of  Britain in 1801.A new 'British' nation was established through the propagation of a dominant English culture.

The symbol of the new Britain were the British flag (Union jack),The National Anthem(God Save Our Noble King) and the English languages.These were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this Union.

Visualising the Nation 

In the 18th and 19th century,artists portrayed the nation as female figure.The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular women in real life.

The female figure become Allegory of the nation.In France,the female allegory was Marianne and Germania become the Allegory of the German nation.

The characterstics of the Marianne were to be red cap,the tricolour and the cockade which were drawn from liberty and republic.Marianne images were marked on Coins and Stamps.Germania was represented by a Crown of Oak leaves.

Nationalism and Imperialism 

By the last quater of the 19th centuray,nationalism lost its idealistic liberal democratic sentiment. During this period,nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other and were ready to start war.

The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic differences comprising the modern-day Romania,Bulgaria,Albania,Greece,Macedonia,Croatia,Bosnia-Herzegovina,Slovenia,Serbia and Montenegro.Its inhabitants were broadly known as the Slaves.

A larger part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.The balkans become an area  of intense conflict as different Slavic nationalist struggled to define their identity and Independence.

During this time,many powerful European nations,such as Russia,France,Germany,England and Austro-Hungary competed to gain control over the Balkans.This led to a series of Wars in the region and finally led to the First World War.Nationalism alinged with imperialism,led Europe to disaster in 1914.