Class-10th Ncert solution of chapter 1 history (The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe)

 NCERT SOLUTION 

Of chapter

                  The rise of nationalism in Europe

Class-10th

Intext questions

Activity on page number-3

1-In what way do you think this picture depicts a Utopian vision?

Ans-Utopian vision means depicting soething idealistic.The French artist Frederic Sorrieu was visulaising a dream of a world made up of nations(all of them did not exist as nations at the time when these prints were made).He had showed the German people with a common flag althrough actually they were a number of different states at that time.So,it is an idealistic or Utopian vision.On the Earth in foreground of the image lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist instituations.

Discuss on page number-16

2-Describe the cause of the 'Silesian Weavers'uprising.Comment on the viewpoint of the journalist.

Ans-The cause of the Silesian Weavers uprising was de to the cheating of the weavers by the contractors.In 1845,the weavers raised a revolt against the contractors as the contractors drastically reduced their payment.The vieewpoint of the journalist Wihelm Wolff for this uprising was-a large crowd of weavers reached the house of the contractors and demanded higher wages.They were not treated well,so a group of  the crowd entered the contractor's house forciblyand destroyed the furniture,windowpanes and plundered it.

The contractor fled with his family to a neighbouring village but did not get shelter.After 24 hours,He returned back with army and eleven weavers were shot dead.

The view point of the journalist was based against the weavers and in favour of the contractor.He did not understand the misery of the weavers properly.

Acitivity on page number-20

3-Describe the caricature.How does it represent the reltionship between Bismarck and the elected dupties of Parliament?What interpretation of deocractic processes is the Artist trying to convey?

Ans-The caricature depicts Bismarck,Chancellor of Germany as holding a whip(signifying that he is a ruthless man ruling with an Iron hand)while leading the parliament .The deputies who were elected are afraid of him and so are hiding under their tables.The caricature depicted the dominance of  Bismarck over the deputies and how he despised liberlism  and parliamentry assemblies.The artist is trying to convey the democractic system in a funny way in which democracy exists only for nameshake.In reality it is one man's i.e.Bismarck autocracy that exists in Parliament.

Activity on Page number-22

4-The Artist has portrayed Garibaldi as holding on to the base of the boot,so that the King of Saridinia-Piedmont can enter it from the top.Look at he map of Italy once more.What statement is this caricature making?

Ans-The base of the boot symbolises the kingdom of the Two sicilies,which lay in the southernmost part of the Italian penisula.Garibaldi had won this Kingdom and handed it over to King Victor Emmanuel II.This cartoon signifies the unification of Italy and Garibaldi's role in it.

Activty on page number-24 

5-With the help of the chart given below,identify the attributes of veit's Gerania and interpret the symbolic meaning of the painting.

Meaning of the symbols

ATTRIBUTES                                        SIGNIFICANCE

broken chain                                              Being freed

breastplate with eagle                                Symbol of German empire-strength

crown of oak leaves                                    Heroism

sword                                                         readiness to fight                             

olive branch around the sword                 willingness to make peace

Black,red and gold tricolour                      Flag of the liberal-nationalist in 1848,banned by the dukes 

                                                                   of the German states

Rays of rising sun                                      Beginning of a new era

In an earlier allegorical rendering of 1836,Veit had portrayed the Kaiser's crown at the place where he has now located the Broken chain.Explain the significance of this change.

Ans- The symbolic meaning of the painting is that the German nation has emerged.The female figure of Germania is an allegory of the German  nation can be seen in the painting as given in the chart.The replacement of the kaiser's crown with the broken chain signifies that the German nation is now free from autocractic monarchial rule.

6-Describe what you see in the figure below.What historical events could Hubner be referring to in this allegorical vision of the nation?

Ans-The painter depicted Germania as a fallen women with the crown and stick thrown aside because German perople's hopes to be united under one monarch (King friedrich Wilhelm IV) were not fulfill as he rejected their demand in 1848.The artist,Julius Hubner,Depicted Germania in a forlon state due to this rejection by the king.It symbolised the loss of hope.The crown and the stick are symbols of the monarchy,which have been cast aside.

Activity on page number-25

7-Look at the picture given below.Imagine you were a citizen of Frankfurt in March 1848 and were present during the proceedings of the Parliament.How would you

• As a man seated in the hall of deputies,and
• As a women observing from the galleries,related to the banner of Germania hanging from the ceiling?
  
  
  

Ans- 

• As a man seated in the hall of deputies,I would relate positively  to the banner of Germania,as I would feel all that it symbolised was coing true.
• As a women observing from the galleries,I would consider the banner to depict the truth only partially.This is becuase women had participated with men equally in the struggle for constitutionlism with national unification,but they were denied suffrage rights during elections to the National Assembly.Women were only admitted tot he assembly as passive citizens and observers.

Exercise 

Write a brief on 

• Giuseppe Mazzini
• Count Camillo De Cavour
• The Greek War of Independence
• Frankfurt Parliament
• The role of Women in Nationalist Struggles

Ans

• Giuseppe Mazzini-He was an Italian revolutionary,who was born in Genoa in 1807.He was sent into Exile at the age of 24 in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Linguria.He founded underground societies named 'Young Italy' in Marseilles and 'Young Europe"in berne whose member were like minded young man from poland,France,Italyand the German States.He believed that God had intended notions to be the natural units of mankind.He opposed monarchy and supported the vision of democractic Republic.Following his ideas and on the modal of hs secret Societies more such socities were set up in Germany,France,Switzerland and Poland.Austrian chancellor Duke Matternich once described him as 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order'.
• Count camillo De Cavour-He was the cheif minister of Sardinia-Piedmont.He was neither a democratic nor a revolutionary.But he led the movement to unify the regions of Italy.Through tact and diplomacy,he entered into alliance with France and succeeded in Defeating Austrian forces in 1859 and thereby freed the Northern part of Italy from the Austrian Habsburg.
• The Greek War Of Independence-1)It was successful war waged by Greek revolutionaries between 1821 to 1832 against the Ottoman Empire.

2)Greek nationalist were influenced by the idea of liberral nationalism.

3)They were supported by the West European Countries in this war of Independence.

4)Further,the poets and artists,who added romanticism to the Greek struggle of Independence,Participated in this war against the Ottoman Empire.

5)With the Treaty of Constantinople in July 1832,Greece was recognised as an Independent Nation.

• Frankfurt Parliament-It is the name of the German national Assembly,Founded during the Revolution of 1948 that tried to unite Germany in a Democractic way.The Assembly was attended by 831 deputies.The members had drafted the constitution for a new German nation.The new constituion was rejected by Friedrich Wilhelm IV,The king of Prussia.Through the frankfurt Parliament failed to unite Germany,it had consequences on Germany.The Parliament also Faced strong opposition from the aristocracy and military as it was dominated by the middle class who resisted the demands of workers and artisans.As a result of this,the middle class lost their mass suport.Ultimately,The monarchy and military combined together with the aristocracy and won over the liberal nationalist middle class.This forced the assembly to disband.therefore,the Frankfurt Parliament is famous in history as a failure of liberlism and a victory of the monarchy.
• The role of Women in Nationalist Struggles- A large number of women had participated in liberal and national movements in European countries.they had formed their own political association,started newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demostrations.Universal male suffrage was adopted in the country and the women were hoping for the voting right.but when the Frankfurt parliament was convened in Chruch of  St. Paul,women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visiter's gallery.

Ques2)What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among French people?

Ans-The French revolutionaries took the following steps to create a sense of collective identity among the French people-

1. They introduced the ideas of la partie (the fatherland) and le citoyen(the citizen),emphasising the concept of a united community enjoying equal rights under a Constitution.
2. They chose a new French Flag the tricolour,to replace the royel standard
3. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
4. In the name of the nation,new hymns were composed,oaths taken and martys commemorated.
5. They established a centrailsed administrative systems which formulated uniform laws for all citizens.
6. They adopted a uniform system of weights and measures.
7. All internal custom duties were abolished.
8. They promoted the French language,as spoken and written in Paris and discourged regional dialects.
9. They declared that it was the mission and destiny of the French nation to liberate people of Europe from Despotism.It meant that they would help other people of Europe to become nation-states like them.

Ques3)What changes did napolean introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?

Ans-Napolean introduced the following changes to make the administrative system more efficient in the areas ruled by him-

• He established the Civil Code of 1804,also known as the Napoleanic Code.This did away with all privilages based on birth.It established equality before law and secured the right to property.
• He simplified administrative divisons
• He abolished the feudal system and freed peasents from serfdom and manorial dues.
• In towns,guild systes were reomved.
• Transport and communication systems were improved.

Due to the above measures,peasants,artisans,businessman and workers enjoyed a new found freedom.Businessmen and small-scale producers realised that uniform laws,a common currency and standardised weights and measures would facilitate movement and exchange of goods between regions.

Discuss on Page Number-28

Ques1)Explain what is meant by the '1848 revolution of the liberals'.What were the political,social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?'

Ans-By the 1848 Revolution of the liberals,we mean,the revolution led by the educated middle classes of Europe.Events of February 1848,in France,brought about the abdication of the monarchy and a republic based on universal male franchise was formed.

The political,social and economic ideas supported by the liberls in 19th century were-

1)Politically,it emphasised he concept of government by consent,abolition of autrocracy and special privilages.

2)Socially,the liberals supported the abolition of discrimination based on birth.

3)Economically,it stood for the abolition of trade restricitions imposed by the state.

Ques2)Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.

Ans-Examples of contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe are-

1)The idea of a nation can be created through stories,poems and writings.Music too can help in expressing nationalist feeling or sentiments.Collecting and recording the different forms of folk culture was important for building a national consiousness.Being a part of the lives of the common people,folk culture enabled nationalist to carry the message of nationalism to a large and diverse audience.

For example-Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music turning Folk dances like the Polonaise and Mazurka into nationlist symbol.

2)Romanticism,a cultural movement which emerged in Europe,sought to develop a particular form of nationlist sentiments or national feelings.The main aim of Romantic artists was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage and common cultural past.

Ques3)Through a focus on any two countries,explain how nations developed over the 19th century.

Ans-The German and Italian nation-states in the 19th century developed in the following ways-

1)Political fragmentation-Till the middle of the 19th century,the present day states of Germany and Italy were fragmented into seprate regions and kingdoms ruled by different Princely Houses.

2)Revolutionary uprisings 19th century Europe was characterised  by both popular uprisings of  the masses and revolutions led by the educated and liberal middle classes.In the case of the German people,the middle classes belonging to different German regions came toghter to form an all German National Assembly in 1848.However,on facing opposition from the aristocracy and military and on losing its mass support base,it was forced to disband.In the Italian region,during the 1830s, revolutionaries like Gieseppe Mazzini tried to establish an Italian Republic.However,the revolutionary

uprising of 1831 and 1848 failed to unite Italy.

3)Unification with the help of the Army After the failure of the revolutions,the process of unification was pursued by the aristocracy and the army in both these nations.

Germany united

Germany was united by the Prussia Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck with the help of the Prussian Army and bureaucracy.Prussia fought three wars with Austria,Denmark and France over seven years and won.It completed the process of unification.Finally,the German Empire was proclaimed in 1871.

Italy United

The Italian state of Sardinia-Piedmont played the role of uniting Italy,similar to that played by Prussia in the case of Germany.

Count Camillo Cavour(the chief minister of Sardinia-Peidmont) led the movement to unite the seprate states of 19th centurary Italy with the help of  the army and an alliance with France.

The regions annexed by Giuseppe Garibaldi and his Red hirts joined with the Northern regions to form a United Italy in 1861.The Papal states joined it in 1870.

Ques-4)How was the history of Nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?

Ans-In Britain the development of nationalism followed a different patterns from the rest of Europe.Before the 18th century,different ethnic groups of people were there in British Isles,such as English,Welsh,Scot and Irish.Each of these ethnic groups had its own cultural and political traditions.The British Parliament became the chief instrument to curb the power of the monarchy in 1688 through a bloodless revolution.

The Act Of Union(1707) between England and Scotland formed the United Kingdom of Great Britain.With the advent Of English Power,The english removed the cultural,political institutions of Scotland forcefully and the Scots were banned from Speaking the Gaelic language and put on their national dress.The English with the help of the protestants suppressed the Catholics of Ireland and forcibly incorporated United Ireland with the United Kingdom in 1801.

Scotland and Ireland became the subordinate partners of the United kingdom.The symbols of the new Britain,The national Flag(Union Jack),the National Anthem(God Save Our Noble King)and the English language were actively promoted.

Ques5)Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?

Ans-Nationalist tension emerged in the alkans because the Balkans states were aspiring for nationalism.The balkans was a region Comprising modern day Romania,Bulgaria,Albania,Greece,Macedonia,Croatia,Bosnia-Herzegovina,Slovenia,Serbia and Montenegro and their inhabitants were called Slavs.

In the 19th Century,the major portion of the Balkans was under the Ottoman Empire.

The ideas of romantic nationalism developed in the Balkans.The rebellions nationlities in the Balkans thought that their struggle was the attempt to win back their long-lost independence.