class 10 history chapter 2 notes ncert

 Ncert Class-10

 History 

Chapter -2 Notes 

Part-2

So hey! Guys Wats up.As u know today I bring You the sst class 10 history chapter 2 notes. 

Hope these notes will be crystal clear to you all.

Part 1 Link- Click Here

Towards Civil Disobedience

To February 1922,Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement as he felt The movement was turning violent in many places and Satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before the would be ready for mass struggles.

Chauri Chaura incident Was the main reason behind withdrawing the Non-Cooperation Movement.The Chauri Chaura incident occured at Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur district of United Province on 4th February 1922.

Different Views Within Congress

Some leaders within Congress were tired of mass struggle and wanted to participate in the election to the provincial councils set up by the Government of India Act of 1919 They felt that it was importance to oppose British Policies within the councils.

CR Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party Within the Congress to Argue for a return to council politics Where as some younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subash Chandra Bose argued for more Strong mass Agitation and for full Independence.In this situation of internal debate and discussions.Two factors shaped Indian Politics towards the late 1920.

These were-

1. The first was the effect of the worldwide economic depression.
2. The second was agricultural prices which began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1930.

Formation of Simon Commission

1. Simon Commission was constituted under John Simon.The main objective of Simon Commission was to review the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes in the system.
2. Indian leaders opposed the commission as there were no Indian in it.
3. When the commission arrived in India in 1928 it was greeted with slogan Simon Go Back.
4. All parties including the Congress and the Muslim League participated in the demonstrations.

Demand Of Purna Swaraj

1. In October 1929,the Viceroy,Lord Irwin announced an uncertain offer of dominion status for India and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future Constituion.
2. In December 1929,under the prsidency of Jawarharlal Nehru,the lahore Congress formalised the demand of purna swaraj or full independence for India.
3. It was declared that 26th January 1930 would be celebrated as the Independence Day.

The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement

Mahatma Gandhi Believed that salt was a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.On 31st January,1930,Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin Which claimed eleven Demands.One of these eleven demands was to abolish salt tax.

The tax on salt an the Government's monopoly over its production revealed the most cruel side of British rule.Irwin was not ready to talk upon the demands.Thus,Gandhiji took the decision to launch the movement.

The Civil Disobedience Movement

As a result,alongwith 78 followers,Gandhiji started Salt March from Sabarmati Ashram on 12th March 1930,for Dandi the coastal town of Gujarat.

On 6th April,he reached Dandi and broke the Salt Law by boiling seawater and manufacturing salt.This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.As the Movement spread,

1. Foreign clothes were boycotted.
2. Peasents refused to pay revenues and chaukidari taxes. 
3. Village official resigned.
4. In many places,forest people violeted forest laws.

However,British government arrested all the leaders including Gandhiji

Calling off the Civil Disobedience Movement

During Civil Disobedience Movement,peaceful satyagrahis were attacked,women and children were beaten and about 100000 people were arrested.

When Abdul Gaffar Khan were arrested on April 1930,several violent incidents took place in Peshawar.

In this situation,Mahatma Gandhi call off the movement and signed a pact with Lord Irwin on 5th March 1931.This was called Gandhi-Irwin Pact.

Relaunching of Civil Disobedience Movement 

In December 1931,Gandhiji went to london for the Second Round Table Confrence but he returned disappointed as the British government refused to release the prisoners.

When Gandhiji came back in India,he found that Congress had been declared illegal and Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were imprisoned.

As a result,Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement.This movement was continued for a year and lost its momentum(a force that is gained by movement)by the year 1934.

Formation of Hindustan Socialists Republican Army

Many nationalists did not believe in non-violent method for achieving freedom.In 1928,some nationlists like Bhagat Singh,Jatin Das and Ajoy Ghosh Founded the Hidustan Socialists Republician Army (HSRA)in 1928 at a meeting in Ferozshah Kotla Ground in Delhi.

Meaning of Swaraj was doifferent for different social groups.these were

1. In the Countryside,rich peasant communities like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh were supporters of Civil Disobedience Movement.They organised their communities to participate in boycott programmes.For them,the fight for Swaraj was a struggle against high revenues.
2. The Poor Peasentry found it difficult to pay their rent to landlords as the depression continued.They joined a variety of racical movements often led by Socialists and Communists in the hope that they would not have to pay the rent any further.
3. Association like Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress and Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries under the leadership of GD Birla,Purushottam Thakur Das etc Supported the Civl Disobedience Movement would be lifted.
4. The Indian Merchants and industrailsts fromed the Indain Industrial and Commerce Congress and Industries(FICCI)in 1927.
5. The industrial working classes did not participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers,expect in the Nagpur region.
6. An important feature of this movement was the large scale participation of women.In urban areas,women came from high-caste families.In rural areas,women came from rich peasents households.Women were inspired by Gandhiji's call and they began to see serice to the nation as their sacred duty.