Class-10th Chapter- Development (Economics)

 Class-10
Social science 
Chapter- DEVELOPMENT 
Notes 

Development 

The aspirations or desires of people about how they want to lead their lives are the goals for which they work.when people generate ideas to achieve those goals and to improve their present condition,then development takes place.

Different peoples and different goals 

People have different goals due to which development is sometimes contrasting and conflicting 

For example- industrialists want big dams for their electricity requirement,but dams displace local community,submerge forestland and destroy whole ecological set up .so, local people want small check dams or tanks.

This shows the following two aspects of development 

1- Different persons have different development goals 

2-Development for one may not be development for another. It may even be destructive for the other.

Income and other goals 

Income is considered as the most important component of development as it can buy material goods and services. apart from income,people also seek things like equal treatment,freedom, security,respect of others etc this is beacuse the quality of our life depends on material things like money,facilities and non material things like good working atmosphere,opportunity to learn,job security etc

For development,people look at a mix of goals and developement goals include both economic development and better quality of life.

National developement 

The indiviuals have different goals and their motive of national developement is also likely  to be different as their goals can also be conflicting 

Under national development priority is given to those goals which benefit a large number of people.

to choose a fair and just path that benefit a large number of people is required for national developement.

Comparison of countries or states 

Countries are compared on the basis of income earned 

Comparison through national income

National income is the income of all the residents of the country over a periods of time and is also known as the total income

countries with higher total income are considered to be developed 

example-USA,UK,japan 

however,this is not a useful measure as countries have different populations and comparing total income will not state the average amount earned by a person 

Comparison through per capita income 

Per capita income (PCI) gives better comparison.it is calculated by dividing total income of country (GDP) by its total population 

It is also called average income.

Income and other criteria 

Developement of a country should be judged on the basis ofother attributes beside income. to understand this,a comparative analysis of three states i.e haryana,kerala and bihar 

is given below-

from comparative table above,various aspects of developments can be concluded as follows

1-Per capita income is highest in haryana and lowest in bihar.That indicates employment status and scope of earning is quite less in bihar

2-Infant mortality rate (IMR) is lowest in kerala and highest in bihar.High IMR implies that healthcare facilities is poor and high per capita income does not gurantee for better healthcare facilities 

3-Literacy rate - in highest in kerela and lowest in bihar.

4-Net attendence ratio- is highest in kerala and lowest in bihar 

Infant mortailty rate (IMR)

Number of children that die before the age of 1 year in a proporation of 1000 live children born in that particular year.

Literacy rate 

Proportion of the population of an area at a particular time aged 7 years or above,who can read and write with understanding.

Net attendence ratio

the total number of children in the age group 6-10 years enrolled in or attending primary school,as a percentage of the total number of children of primary school going age.

Public facilities 

More income can buy more facilities but there are other things needed to live well such as clean air,pollution free environment,unadulterated medicines,protection from infectious diseases etc

public facilities are provided by the government for the betterment of the community or for collective benefit.

states where adequate pblic facilities are provided,have more progress.Due to good basic health and educational facilities,kerala has low Infant mortality rate and high literacy rate.

In states where there is good Public distribution system (PDS),the health and nutritional status of people is better.

Public distribution system- (PDS) a food security system established by the government of India to provide essential items at subsidised rate 

Example- rice,wheat,sugar,kerosene etc 

Body mass index(BMI)

Body mass index (BMI) is an international standard used to determine wheather an adult person is undernourished or not.If we divide the weight of a person by the square of his/her height,we get a ratio which is called BMI. The BMI is an important way to understand the level of nutrition a person takes.

BMI= weight in kg/height in meters

For example= if a girl student is 14 years and 8 month old and the BMI is 15.2,then she is ndernourished.

similarly,if the BMI of a boy aged 15 years and 6 months is 28,then he is overweight

Human developement report 

Human development report published by UNDP ( united nations development programme) is one of the best methods to measure development 

The report compares countries based on three criterias namely 

1-living standard(Per capita income)

2-health status(life expectancy)

3-educational levels of the people (literacy rate and years of schooling)

India occupies 129th rank in HDI 2019. The human development index(HDI), considers public health,education,poverty level,inequality and environmental aspects to measure human development.

Sustainability of development

Another aspect of developemt is that rapid development is using up natural resources at a faster rate.This is not sustainable for future generations.

Non renewable resouces are getting exhausted fast. these resources can not be replenished and there is a fixed stock only.

Renewable resouces like groundwater is overused.

It happens when ground water is used more than what is replenished by rain. Sustainable developement is a way to reduce this overuse.

Some examples that shows overuse of resources 

1- Groundwater in India 

In India,nearly one third of the country is overusing its ground water reserves. It is particularly found in agriculturally properous regions of Punjab, western uttar pradesh hard rock,plateau areas of central and south India.

2- Exhaustion of natural resources

According to world energy review, june 2018, the total reserves of the crude oil stock in the world is going to last just for 50 years as countries are fast using up the oil reserves 

The whole world is facing environmental degradation as it is not confined to any nation or state boundary. Scientist,economists,philosophers and social scientists are working together to find ways of sustainable developement