Class-10th Chapter1 (Histroy) Important Question and Answers

 Class-10th 

Chapter-1(History)

Important Question and Answers

Short Answers Type Questions

1-What were the major proporsals of the Vienna Congress?

or 

Describe in brief any four features of the Vienna Treaty of 1815.

Ans- The four major Proposels of the Vienna Congress were-

• The Bourbon Dynasty,Which had been deposed during the French Revolution,was restored to power and France lost the territories it had annexed 
• A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent the French expansion in Future.Thus,the kingdom of Netherlands,which included Belgium,was set up in the North and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the South.
• Prussia was given important new territories on its Western frontiers,while Austria was given control of Northern Italy.
• The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napolean was left untouched.

2-How did Romanticism seek to develop a particular form of nationlist sentiments during 18th century?Explain. 

Ans-Romanticism reffered to a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of national sentiment in the following ways-

• Romanticism artist and poets generally critised the glorification of reason and science.
• They focussed on emotions,intuition and mystical feelings.
• Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage,a common cultural past as the basis of a nation.
• Some German Romantics like Johann Gottfried Herder thought that through folk songs,folk poetry and folk dance,the true spirit of the nation could,be popularised.He claimed that true German culture was to discovered among the common people.

3-What were the Various impact of French Revolution?

Ans-Various impacts of French Revolution were-

1. The revolution led to the setting up of Jacobin Clubs in different cities of Europe by students and other members of educated middle classes.It further paved the way for the French armies to moved into Holland,Belgium,Switzerland and some parts of Italy in the 1790s.The idea of nationalism began to be carried by French armies.
2. Another impact of the revoultion was the rise of Napoleon.He took several steps to reform  the economy of Europe. The most important among them was the Civil Code of 1804 which brought the concept of equality of law and uniform laws.
3. French Revolutionaries wanted to liberate the peoples of Europe from Depostism.

4-What area was known as the Balkans?

Ans-The vast territory lying between the Black sea and the Adriatic sea comprising the modern states of Romania,Albania,Greece,Croatia,Bosnia-Herzegovina,Slovenia,Serbia and Montenegro was known as as the Balkans.

All these states were once the part of the Ottoman Empire and Were inhabited by people broadly known as Slaves.The spread of the Ideas of Romantic nationalism and the disintegeration of Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.The Balkans states were firecely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others.

5-Explain the political situation of Italy before its unification.

Ans-Italy had a long history of political fragmentation.This is shown in the points below-

1. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Haabsburg empire.
2. During the middle of 19th century,Italy was divided into seven states of which only one,Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Princely House.
3. The North was under Austrian Habsburg,the centre was ruled by the Pope and the Southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon Kings of Spain.
4. Even the Italian language had not any standard common form.It had many regional and local variations.

6-Explain any Four reasons how the initial enthusiasm of the people of France soon turned to hostility after Napolean's ta

takeover of France.

Ans-Initally the French Armies were welcomed as harbinaers of liberty.But the intial enthusiasm soon tunred to hostility.Because people gradually understood that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom.

The four factors which seemed to outweight the advantage of the admisitrative changes are-

• Increased taxation on people.
• Strict censorship on printing media and books.
• Forced conscription into French armies to satisfy its imperialist ambition.
• Restrictions on Freedom

7-The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe.Support the statement with arguements.

Ans-The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship or crisis in Europe.

The Following are the arguments to support this statement.

• There was an enormous increase in pouplation all over Europe.As a result unemployment became a common feature in most of the countries.
• Migration of rural people to the cities further made the situation worse.Small scale producers in towns sometimes faced with stiff competiton from rural areas where production was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops.These products imported from rural areas were obviously cheaper than the town-made products.
• Due to population,the demand of foods increased.It led to the rise of food prices.This increased price along with a year of bad harvests led to widespread pauperism in town and whole country.

Long Answers type Questions

1-Describe the explosive conditions prevailed in Balkans after 1871 in Europe.

Ans-The explosive conditions prevailed in Balkans after 1871 in Europe were-

1. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern day Romania,Bulgaria,Albenia,Greece,Macedonia,Croatia,Bosnia-Herzegovina,Slovenia,Serbia and Montenegero whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slaves.
2. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegeration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
3. All through the ninetenth century the Ottoman Empire had sought to strenghten itself through modernisation and internal reforms but with very little success.One by One,its European subject nationalist broke away from its control and declared independence.
4. The Balkans people based their claims for independence or political rights on nationaility and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjudted by foreign powers.Hence,the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought to their struggle as attempts to win back their long-lost independence.

2-How did ideas of national unity in Early nineteenth century Europe allied to the ideology of liberlism?Explain.

Ans-The ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe allied to the ideology of liberalism in the following ways-

1. For the liberal middle classes,the ideas of national unity means the abolition of aristocratic privileges.Liberlism stood for freedom for the idiviual and equality of all before the law.
2. Liberalism emphasised the concept of government.It urges for a constituion and representative government through parliament.National unity  can be maintained by the proper governance of the Parliament.
3. In the economic sphere,liberalism is in favour of the freedom of markets and abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. During the nineteenth century,this was a strong demand of the middle class which was in favour of national unity.

3-Explain the term Conservatism.Explain with speacial reference to Europe.

Ans-Conservatism is a political philosphy that stressed the importance of tradition,established institutions and customs and preferred gradual development to quick change.

European Conservatism

After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815,European Governments were driven by Conservatism.Conservatives were people who believed that established,traditional institutions of state and society like the monarchy church,social hierarchies,property and the family should be preserved.After the rule of Napolean the basic ideas of conservatism were changed.Most conservaties did not want to return to the society of pre-revolutionary days.

They realised the changes intitated by Napolean strengthened the traditional institutions like the monarchy in reality.They understood that a modern army,an efficient bureaucracy,a dynamic economy,the abolition of feudalism and sefdom could strengthen the autocractic monarchies in Europe.They did not tolerate criticism and dissent and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of their goverment.Thus, the conservatives of that time accepted the changes which were in favour of their intersts.

4-How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European states after 1815.Explain with examples.

Ans-After 1815 due to the fear of repression,many revolutinaries or liberal-nationalists went underground to avoid arrest

• They established many secret societies to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
• They opposed monarchial form of government that were established after the Vienna Congress.
• They fought for liberty and freedom and thought the creation of nation state as a necessary part of their struggle for freedom.
• Gieuseppe Mazzini founded secret socities like Young Italy and Young Europe for the unification of fragmented Italy.
• Following Mazzini's model,secret societies were set up in Germany,France,Switzerland and Poland.
• Liberalism and nationalism brought revolution in many regions of Europe like the provinces of Ottoman Empire,Ireland,Poland besides Italy and Germany.

5-How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe?Explain.

Ans-The development of nationalism in Europe was not only the result of war and territorial expansion.Culture played an important role in creating the idea of nation in Europe.

The following example state the fact-

1-Art,Poetry,Stories and music helped express and shape nationlist feeling in Europe.

2-Romanticism,a cultural movement in Europe developed a particular form of nationalist sentiment.Romantic artists and poets criticised the glorification of science and reason.They tried to create a sense of shared collective heritage as the basis of the nation.They gave importance on emotions,intuitions and mystical feelings.

3-German philospher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people(das volk) in their folk songs,folk poetry and folk dances.

4-Vernacular languages and folklore strenghthen the national spirit.

5-In poland karol kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through opera and music.

6-Allegory of Germania and Marianne developed national feelings among citizens.

6-Explain the various stages of Italian unification.

or

Explain the role of Giuseppe Mazzini in the unification of Italy.

Ans-The process or various stages in the unification of Italy were as follows-

a)Political Fragmentation-Italy had a long history of political fragmentation.Italy was divided into seven states during the middle of the ninteenth century.Of these seven states only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Princely House.At that time,North of Italy was under Austrian Habsburg,the centre was ruled by the Bourbon kings of Spain.

b)Role of Giueseppe Mazzini-During 1830s,Giueseppe Mazzini had tried to unite Italy.He formed the secret society called Young Italy.But Both the uprising in 1831 and 1848 failed.Even the ruling elites also wanted a unified Italy which would offer economic development and political dominance.

c)Role of Cavour-The unification of Italy was a result of many wars.Chief minister Cavour made a tactful diplomatic alliance with France,and Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian Forces in 1859.

d)Role of Garibaldi-A large number of amred volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the unification movement.In 1860.they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of Two Sicilies succeded to drive out the Spanish rulers with the help of local people.In 1861,Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as king of United Italy.

7-"Napolean had destroyed democracy in France but in the administractive field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient"Analyse the statement with arguments.

Ans-Napolean became the ruler of France on 2nd December,1804.He established a monarchial political system.He was worried by the democratic froces unleashed by revolution.But at the same time he did not want to ignore him entirely.So he introduced some reform in the Administrative system.He tried to make whole system more rational and efficient.To achieve thsi goal. he took some important steps.

These were-

1) He introduced Civil Code of 1804 which did away all the privilages based on birth.It establish equality before the law and secured the right to property.

2)He simplied administrative divisisons,abolished the feudal system and freed peasents from serfdom and manorial dues.

3)Moreover guild restrictions were removed,transport and communication systems were improved,standarlised weights and measures and a common national currency were inroduced.By these new policies peasents,artisans,workers and new businessman were benfitted and started to enjoy a new-found freedom.

Thus,it can be concluded that Napolean had destroyed democracy in France,but in administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles.